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    How Do I Improve My Mathematics Pedagogy Through TPACK?: An Action Research of GeoGebra and MS Excel in Grade X.
    (Kathmandu University School of Education, 2026-07) Karki, Lokendra; Asst. Prof. Indra Mani Shrestha
    The study began with my concern that traditional mathematics teaching, mainly based on copy and board work, memorization and repeated practices often made students passive and less interested in learning. There was also a gap between learning mathematical procedures and development real conceptual understanding. So, my research aimed to explore practical ways of integrating technology with appropriate teaching methods and mathematical contents to improve teaching and student’s learnings. This study is situated within the interpretive and critical paradigms, and the research design is qualitative. I applied action research to generate information for my study. I conducted the study in Grade 10 of community school of Kathmandu District through two cycles of teaching and reflection, where14 students were selected among them 6 were selected purposively. In the first cycle, GeoGebra was used to teach linear programming and helped students understand inequalities, graph, feasible regions and optimization through visual and interactive activities. In the second cycle, Microsoft Excel was used to teach statistics and to support students in understanding statistical calculations and concepts. The continuous process of planning, acting, observing and reflecting was carried out across both cycles. Student reflections, classroom observations, learning activities, and pre and post assessment results were used to understand changes in teaching and learning. The findings show that Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge (TPACK) helped me meaningfully connect technology, pedagogy and mathematical content. GeoGebra made abstract mathematical ideas easier to visualizes and understand, while Excel helped students to perform calculations and focus more on mathematical concepts. Technology helped to reduce students’ fear and anxiety about mathematics because they explored the concepts through visual and practical activities. Both phases indicated improvement in student’s educational achievement and conceptual understanding. The study brought significant changes in my teaching practice. Previously, I explained solutions on the board and asked students to copy them. I have since shifted from transmitter to facilitator, guiding students to explore and construct knowledge. Students engaged in group and peer work, discussion, problem solving and learning activities. However, I found that technology alone cannot improve learning therefore teacher patience, kindness, empathy, classroom management and safe learning environment were equally important for successful technology integration. The study concludes that TPACK contributes to improving mathematics pedagogy when strong content knowledge is coupled with purposeful technological knowledge. GeoGebra and Excel can be used not simply to replace traditional teaching but to help students to visualize, explore, discuss and understand mathematics more deeply. The study recommends regular professional development for facilitators on the meaningful technology integration and enhanced access to digital resources in schools.
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    From Adversity to Resilience: A Narrative Inquiry into the Lives of Child Correction Home in Nepal
    (Kathmandu University School of Education, 2026-06) Shrestha, Jeni; Assoc. Prof. Indra Mani Rai, PhD
    In 2017, I joined the Secretariat of the Central Child Justice Committee as the Program Officer. My role is to assist. The committee is to act as the coordinating officer among district courts, the Child Court, and Child Correction homes in Nepal regarding children in conflict with the law. While I was performing my role, I reviewed various publications on child-related legal cases. I was shocked to learn how different social factors and personal characteristics can lead to criminal behavior among young people. Given this context, this research investigates how children at the Bhaktapur Child Reform Home experience their time, while examining the social, familial, and structural elements that direct their entry into the Child justice system. The study applies an interpretive research methodology to conduct a qualitative investigation through narrative inquiry, which included in-depth interviews with the participants to create detailed insights regarding their lived experience. This research demonstrates that children who encounter legal problems come from families that experience both structural and emotional instability. They face neglect and domestic violence more often. Their adverse childhood experiences lead to emotional distress and school dropouts, drug consumption, and dangerous peer associations, which heighten the risk of developing delinquent conduct. The narratives show how social labeling processes, structural strain, and institutional constraints determine the participants' future paths. The study finds that all participants display resilience because they cope with their challenges by developing adaptive skills and following their goals of personal growth from their difficult experiences. The study proposes that society should view child delinquency as a collective behavior that results from interconnected social, familial, and structural factors rather than treating it as a single deviant behavior pattern. The study results demonstrate the urgent requirement to establish stronger family support systems and develop rehabilitation programs that prioritize children.
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    Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Parents from Private and Public Schools on Violence Against Children in Nepal: A Comparative Study
    (Kathmandu University School of Education, 2026-03) Puri, Peshal Kumar; Prof. Prakash Chandra Bhattarai, PhD
    Violence against children (VAC) is still a critical global issue, with implications for their physical, emotional, and cognitive development. In Nepal, despite recent constitutional provisions and policies prohibiting corporal punishment, however the national data show a high prevalence of violent disciplinary practices in all provinces and areas of Nepal. This study tries to address a gap in literature by conducting a comparative analysis of the Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAP) about VAC among parents of both private and government schools in Arjundhara Municipality, Jhapa. This research is grounded in the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), the research investigates how sociodemographic factors and school type influence parental feelings and disciplinary behaviors towards children. A cross-sectional research survey design was administered, collecting data from 400 caregivers (180 from government schools and 220 from private schools) of children in grades 3-5, considering the age of the children between 8-11 years. Participants for the interview were selected using a multi-stage random sampling technique. A structured self-centered questionnaire, which is digitalized via Kobo Toolbox, and measured demographic variables with TPB constructs—knowledge, attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, intentions, and practices. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics, independent t-tests, ANOVA, bivariate regression, and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to examine differences and predictive relationships as per the research questions' requirements. The analysis found significant disparities between the two groups i.e. parents from private and government schools. Parents from private schools proved significantly higher mean scores in knowledge, attitudes favoring non-violent discipline, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis showed that perceived behavioral control was the strongest predictor of intention to avoid VAC for both groups of parents, but its influence was more pronounced among private school parents. This research finally discussed that there are clear differences in parental KAP about VAC between private and government school settings in Nepal. The TPB creates a strong basis for understanding the differences between the parent populations of private schools and public schools and indicates that there is a need to enhance parents perceived control over using non-violent methods of discipline, as well as modify subjective norms in communities. Suggestions that could be put into practice include developing interventions that target school type and that give parents of children enrolled in public schools more control over the ways they parent through skill building and access to resources, and that utilize the progressive attitudes present in private schools to enhance and support peer led advocacy. Providing school based services to parents and ensuring compliance with child protection laws, are among the ways policymakers may help create a safe school environment for all children.
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    Output, stock returns and political uncertainty the Nepali evidence
    (Kathmandu University School of Management, 2010-11) Adhikari, Madhusudan; Radhe Shyam Pradhan
    This study examines the effects of political uncertainty on stock returns in the Nepali stock market over a period 1994 to 2010. The secondary data (NEPSE index and stock indices of ten industries registered in stock market of Nepal) as well as responses of 116 individual investors and 42 officials of listed companies, have been used to analyze the effects by using descriptive, causal-comparative, and co- relational research designs. Results suggest that there is a strong relation between the political uncertainty and stock returns in the Nepali stock market and that ruling political parties have effects on stock returns. The Nepali Congress Party government under the prime minister-ship of Mr. Girija Prasad Koirala remained favorable to stock returns, whereas, at the times of other governments the effects were not significant. The national elections affected stock returns, but there were no clear patterns of movement of stock returns before and after the elections. It is concluded that stock returns are affected by important political events with the impact of varying degree at across to different industry groups. It is found that negative volatility matters, specifically output decreases with increase in negative stock market volatility. One unit decrease in negative volatility was matched with the 1.8% decrease in industrial productivity. Hence it can be concluded that volatility and industrial production has relation in Nepalese stock market. As political uncertainty is not good for stock returns, political parties need to work to avoid such uncertainty and try to form stable governments. Investors need to carry thorough analysis of the effect of the event on specific industries or firms as they plan to invest in stocks.
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    Firm size, earning yield, book to market ratio, cash flow yeild and stock returns: the napali evidence
    (Kathmandu University School of Management, 2010) Gupta, Dev Prakash; Radheshyam Pradhan
    This study examines the relationship between four company fundamental variables (viz. size (market capitalization), book equity to market equity ratio, earning yield and cash flow yield) and equity returns in Nepali stock market. Alternative statistical specifications and various estimation methods are applied to a comprehensive, high-quality secondary data set of 92 listed firms in Nepal Stock Exchange that extends from July 2000 to July 2010 and primary data by taking opinion of investors, brokers and executives of listed companies through a structured questionnaire. The study also relates cross-sectional differences in returns on Nepalese stocks to the underlying behavior of four variables: earnings yield, size, book to market ratio, and cash flow yield and investigates whether the inclusion of any one or more of these fundamental variables can better explain cross sectional variations in equity returns in Nepal than the single factor CAPM. The study has found a statistically significant relationship between four company fundamentals: size (market capitalization), cash flow yield, book to market ratio and earning yield and stock returns in Nepal over the study period. This implies that a strong size effect, cash flow yield effect, and value effect existed in Nepali capital market during the study period. Since the results are not in support to the findings of the major studies done in the developed economies, this further implies that Nepali capital market is still in developing stage and investors needs to be very cautious while investing. The study finds that Fama French three factor model (viz. market risk premium, size premium and value premium) explains cross sectional variations in equity returns in Nepal in a much better way than the single factor CAPM. These results have important implications for market efficiency, asset pricing and market microstructure issues in Nepali stock market. Keywords: Stock Returns, Size Effect, Cash Flow Yield Effect, Value Effect